Essay about Analysis of Alison from the Millers Tale,...

Class: English 2010.105 Professor: Dr. Arnold Student: Bob Jackson Date: September 7, 1999 Title: Analysis of Alison from The Millers Tale, Canterbury Tales In The Millers Tale, the character of Alison is introduced as the 18-year-old wife of a carpenter who is much older than the woman. The authors description of the young wife seems to suggest that she was so wild, beautiful, and desirable that the old man had a difficult time containing his jealousy. Chaucer uses a number of expressions to paint a picture of the young wife. The use of the term paint is intentional here, since Chaucer seems to be painting (with words) the image of a picture perfect young woman who resembles a painted porcelain doll. It†¦show more content†¦Up to this point, the reader might think the young wife was an innocent youth, singing and dancing her way through life, wearing white dresses and driving her older husband crazy. But there is a dark side to her personality too. The reader is told that while the young wife is made up and dressed like a little doll, it wouldnt be much of a stretch for men to see her as a prostitute or a slut. He even states in the last line of this section that for some men, the young carpenters wife looks like the kind of woman theyd like to take to bed, others would see her as the kind theyd like to take home to meet their mother (she was a flower For any lord to leggen in his bedde, or yit for any good yeman to wedde.). It is obvious that while the older carpenter has married a young lusty woman who is full of life, it could be a difficult situation for him depending upon how other men are viewing his new wife. On the one hand, people will see her as a lovely innocent woman, while on the other hand, because she is too picture perfect and overly concerned about her appearance, she may (with her wanton eye) be giving people the idea that is interested in more than theShow MoreRelatedSummary And Critical Analysis Of Chaucer s The Miller s Tale923 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Critical Analysis of Chaucer’s â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† Geoffrey Chaucer starts â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† out with an intriguing prologue. In this prologue, the Miller is found to be drunk due to his behavior towards the Reeve, and his judgment towards â€Å"The Knight’s Tale.† The Reeve and Miller have never seen eye to eye; they never have and never will. With this being said, the Miller tells a tale of a gullible carpenter whose wife cheats on him with an intelligent lodger. Since the Reeve is a carpenterRead More Summary and Analysis of The Millers Tale Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Millers Tale When the Knight had finished, everybody decided that he had told a noble story. The drunken Miller claims that he has a tale as noble as the one the Knight had told. The host tried to quiet the Miller, but he demanded to speak. He claims that he will tell the tale of a carpenter and his wife. His tale will be one of infidelity. The narrator attempts to apologize for the tale that will follow, admitting that the Miller is not well-bred and will thereforeRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1989 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish Literature born 1343 in London United Kingdom best known for his anthology â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†. In this book he plans to let each of his characters tell a story on the way to Canterbury. This novel was written during the Middle Ages also known as the Medieval Period. During this time period adultery played role in marriages. â€Å"I take thee _________ to be my wedded husband/wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better or worse for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in healthRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1988 Words   |  8 Pages The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a collection of tales and prologues of stories told by many characters whilst on a pilgrimage to the city of Canterbury. From religious figures such as nuns, monks and pardoners; to doctors, cooks and millers, this pilgrimage embarked on by many interesting people with stories that range from inspiring to gruesome. A few of the most predominant stories include those of the Prioress, the Summoner, the Wife of Bath, the Miller, and the Reeve. In theseRead MoreAn Analysis Of Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales 2196 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis of Chaucer’s Miller in the Canterbury Tales Many characters in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales link to the different social classes in England during the Medieval Period. The Miller is a crude character who tells an entertaining, yet inappropriate tale on a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral. In the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes the Miller as a bold, garrulous man and shows the morally incorrectness of the Miller. The Miller tells a vulgar but suitableRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesverses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. -Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Fern Hill† 3. allusion: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature, often without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology, biblical referencesRead More Contradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay3897 Words   |  16 PagesContradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales There is no question that contradictory values make up a major component of The Canterbury Tales. Fate vs. Fortuna, knowledge vs. experience and love vs. hate all embody Chaucers famous work. These contrasting themes are an integral part of the complexity and sophistication of the book, as they provide for an ironic dichotomy to the creative plot development and undermine the superficial assumptions that might be made. The combination of completely

Society And Domestic Violence The Man, The Woman, And...

Society and Domestic Violence: The Man, the Women, and the Unspoken Authority Over 12 million men and women are abused by their partners yearly, and of that only about 3 in 10 women and 1 in 10 men report their abusers and seek help. The issue of domestic abuse is one that is tabooed throughout the nation, much like the topic of sex and mental illness. However, unlike those topics, the society in which we live in normalizes, and even pokes fun at the dilemma of domestic abuse. Although some will argue that the fact that there are shelters, anti-abuse campaigns, and improvements for victims in the justice system prove the society’s understanding and action for the victims, the society that we live in normalizes the issue because of the situations in television and music, the lack of media coverage, and the leeway that athletes have when charged with domestic assault. Domestic abuse can be traced back as far as history itself. In 753 B.C., during the reign of Romulus in Rome, Th e Laws of Chastisement condoned the abuse on a wife by a husband. Since at this time, men were held accountable for the crimes and actions of their wives, hence it provided a way that the husband could be protected from harm of the wife’s actions. This idea traveled throughout the world. It was not until 1829 that the husband’s absolute power of chastisement was abolished, however this is far from ending the dilemma of domestic abuse. In the 1970’s women take action in the Feminist Movement in hopesShow MoreRelatedWomen And The Mexican Feminist Movement1589 Words   |  7 Pageswidely accepted in Mexico, and little is done to prevent domestic violence. Women in Mexico live every day under house arrest, exist in fear of their male superiors. Fortunately in 1970 women began to fight back, and the Mexican feminist movement began. However, unlick the United States female revolution this feminist movement was quite and slow. Nonetheless the percentages of women in the work for began to rise dramatically and domestic abuse took a small step back. The women of Mexico todayRead MoreMarriage in the Middle Ages1808 Words   |  8 PagesMiddle Ages A. Marriage and women’s rights in the medieval society B. Thesis: Arrangement of marriages, abuse and adultery, divorce and desertion II. Arrangement of Marriages A. Age requirements 1. Muslim 2. Christianity B. Betrothals 1. Elite 2. Peasants III. Adultery A. Upper elite nobility 1. Priests and sex a. Peasants b. Concubines 2. Kings a. Servants IV. Abuse to wives A. Physical violence 1. Lower class 2. Nobility a. Abduction/imprisonment of wives Read More‘What Writers Tend to Demonstrate in Texts Which Explore Relationships Between Men and Women, Is That Women Have Always Been Relatively Powerless and the Victims of Society’s Double Standards’ Compare and Contrast the3734 Words   |  15 Pageshe has the right to own her. This could be an example of Tom being ‘moralistic without being moral’ as Ronald Berman puts it, by the way that Tom feels this is a right that he has despite not being Myrtle’s husband, due to the fact that he is a man in society with more power than a women. Name calling can also be seen within A Streetcar Named Desire, when Stanley refers to Stella as ‘My baby doll’, the use of the word doll suggesting she is a thing Stanley can play with, an object that he has controlRead MoreWomen Are Victims Of Sexual Violence3761 Words   |  16 PagesRepublic of the Congo (DRC) are raped. This means that 1,100 women are victims of sexual violence on a daily basis (Counting Sexual Violence in the Congo). Such exorbitant cases of rape have earned the DRC its title as â€Å"the rape capital of the world† (Citation -http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8650112.stm). Nevertheless, Congolese conventions regarding gender roles have facilitated massive infliction of sexual violence, especially on behalf of soldiers. This incorporation of rape into the socioculturalRead MoreNot for Ourselves Alone Essay2590 Words   |  11 Pagesher. Although her stand on womans rights was her main interest, it was work in progress toward a larger and more far-fetched goal. Her priorities concerning an idealistic society could be structured as a pyramid. As the foundation, she suggested reform for prisoners and the working class; she opted to eradicate domestic violence against women through the rehabilitation of alcoholic husbands, and not far behind was the proposition for liberal divorce of said husbands. That being acco mplished, maritalRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire: the Importance of Being Earnest9437 Words   |  38 Pagesand the constraints it imposes on society is a favorite topic of conversation in The Importance of Being Earnest. Algernon thinks the servant class has a responsibility to set a moral standard for the upper classes. Jack thinks reading a private cigarette case is â€Å"ungentlemanly.† â€Å"More than half of modern culture depends on what one shouldn’t read,† Algernon points out. These restrictions and assumptions suggest a strict code of morals that exists in Victorian society, but Wilde isn’t concerned withRead MoreEssay about The Results of Children in Fatherless Homes16087 Words   |  65 PagesDivorce and out-of-wedlock childbearing are now epidemic in American society. Both forms of disrupted families are harmful to children and to society. The children of single parents are more likely to do poorly in school, commit crimes, and become sin gle parents themselves. In addition, the increase in single-parent families contributes to such social problems as poverty, crime, and a decline in the quality of public education. Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives ofRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesindulgently banging away at their pianos or doing less-than-funny spoofs of music videos (think the Two Chinese Boys in their dormitory room) †¢ E.g. Temasek Review: an anti-government news portal †¢ E.g. Political commentary by a certain Kway Teow Man †¢ E.g. â€Å"Everyone Draw Muhammad Day† Facebook Page. Emphasis need for freedom of speech and expression that is often curtailed in Muslim communities but ended up causing much unhappiness amongst Muslims because the central religious figure in IslamRead MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 Pagesapplied to an entire group of people. For example, we may know one Japanese person who is very quiet so we conclude that all Japanese are quiet and reserved. Or we see certain media images and conclude that because a person is Muslim they are prone to violence and aggression against non-Muslims. Both are far from the truth. A stereotype is an incorrect perception of a people based on minimal experiential evidence. Stereotyping is therefore rightly seen as a negative way of seeing people. This is evenRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesEdition The study of Igbo has advanced enormously since the first edition of this dictionary, and the standardization and development of the language have also progressed under the leadership of a group of dedicated linguists and the enthusiasts of the Society for Promoting Igbo language and Culture. A dictionary of Standard Igbo is now seriously needed; it is hoped that the present work will be one of the sources for such a dictionary. The complete text was revised in 1976-77 with the assistance of Mr

Wireless Power Transfer Free Essays

Introduction We can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless Power Transfer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree. Background and aim Wireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Tesla’s did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla ‘s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Tesla’s spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal. The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someone’s organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire. WPT utilizing magnetic: Wireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke. Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral. It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation. But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically. Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system. Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device. Magnetic initiation vs. Radio Waves: Magnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more. Related work: When Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now â€Å"WiTricity† is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance ; if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below. Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Capacitance The dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field. In 2008, Tesla’s experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches. Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear A ; Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation. Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity. Advantages 1. Wireless charging: Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging. 2. High Efficiency over a Distance: Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres. 3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier: Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers. 4. Control the scope of power degree: It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts. 5. Safe for nature: Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and that’s why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains: â€Å" The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does n’t react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs † . Research Aims: Wireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known as Decision: The Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Tesla’s experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can ne’er be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although â€Å"WiTricity† and â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke. However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system. Mentions: 1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, † Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Wireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication† , JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2013 2 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System† , 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 – 8887 ) , Volume 1 – No.13 3 ) Chun T. Rim, â€Å"Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distance† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php 4 ) Rajen Biswa, â€Å"Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission† , May, 2012 5 ) Wireless Power Technology hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/ 6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, † Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor Networks† , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission: From Far-Field to Near-Field† , University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA How to cite Wireless Power Transfer, Essay examples Wireless power transfer Free Essays The area of wireless power transmission is very interesting. The technology is in its infancy but the overall benefits from its maturation could be significant to society as a whole. World population is expected to continue to grow exponentially. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless power transfer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Five sixths of the world’s population lives in developing nations. Most developing nations such as China, India, and Pakistan are rapidly improving their standard of living. All of these trends point to an energy demand that will grow at even a larger rate. Wireless power transmission could one day allow us to generate solar power on a satellite and am it down to Earth, transmit power to a water treatment plant for a disaster relief operation or power a flying communication relay station from a terrestrial station. There are a few engineering hurtles yet to overcome to make this technology viable to today’s investors, but with the rising demand for energy and the rapid improvements being made it is Just a matter of time before wireless power transmission becomes an industry of its own. In the late 19th century, shortly after the introduction of AC power, Nikolas Tests (an inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best now for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system and often called the greatest US electrical engineer during his time) began the development of a system for the global transmission of electrical energy without interconnecting wires. Nikolas Tests devoted much effort to develop a system for transferring large amount of power over considerable distance. His main goal was to bypass the electrical-wire grid, but for a number of financial and technical difficulties, this project was never completed. His invention, however, required large scale construction of 200 Ft tall masts. He developed various methods that can be used for his wireless power transmission and have been given great credits and patents for it. Tests preferred to use the passage of current through the atmosphere and other natural medium. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission (WEPT) is the process that takes place in any system where electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load without the use of wire. Wireless transmission is ideal in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy transfer is needed. The potential applications of wireless power transfer include charging of mobile phones and laptops, radio-frequency identification (REID), electrically charged vehicles, biomedical sensors, space solar power satellite (SSP), solar energy to earth, and in spying circuits devices which if contain a power source can have greater probability of detection etc. The various methods of wireless power transfer are Microwave/ Radio wave, Plastic sheet, Inductive coupling, and Lasers. Among these methods of wireless power transfer, using microwave has some advantages over other methods such as its use for longer distances with relatively higher efficiency and more mature technology. Highly efficient, super directive array configuration would have the potential of concentrated and directed microwave beam that can provide higher efficiency for longer distances. Wireless communication using radio frequency (RFC) waves or microwave is a very familiar topic. However, wireless power transmission (WEPT) is yet to be so, though its history dates back to the late nineteenth century. The year 1888 was marked by a demonstration on wireless transmission of pulsed power generated at mezzo. Since then, only a few demonstrations or feasibility studies on WEPT have been published at discrete time intervals. Among these, the most significant is a feasibility study reported by a French research group in 1997 for a terrestrial (ground-to-ground) WEPT project. Its aim was to deliver 10 k power from the grid system, through AC-DC- microwave-DC-AC conversion, to a 0. 7 km distant small tourist spot across a mountain in La Reunion Island, an overseas territory of France. The project is termed ‘Grand- Basin WEPT model’ after the name of the tourist village. It is noteworthy that since 1969 (the year marked by the successful landing of the first manned space craft on the moon surface) until now, the main thrust of WEPT has been on the concept of pace-to-ground (extraterrestrial) transmission of energy using microwave beam. This concept aims towards tapping the round-the-clock available solar energy from outer space in the form of photovoltaic DC power by a low earth orbit satellite. The tapped energy would be converted into a microwave beam for transmission to the designated earth stations where it would be rectified into DC using a device termed ‘Recreant’ (receiving and rectifying antenna). A pilot project based around this concept, named ‘SSP (Solar Power Satellite) 2000’, is still under preliminary investigation by the Japanese Space and Astronomical Science Society. Nevertheless, for a number of reasons the chances of the terrestrial WEPT becoming an affordable reality are brighter than its extraterrestrial counterpart. Apart from the time frame for implementation, huge size of recentness and requirement for energy storage between two passes of the satellite, the other crucial points which bear against the extraterrestrial WEPT are affordability, simplicity, controllability, maintainability, reliability, commercial exportability, and health and safety issues. Industries are investigating the latest wireless power technologies to improve versatility, reduce sots, maintain connectivity, and eliminate the need to replace batteries. More than one industrial and end-use applications are evaluating WEPT. One such end-use application is induction cooking which utilizes WEPT, or a variant of WEPT, due to a range of reasons such as better operation, cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. Large and continually operating industries such as electric power plants are interested in evaluating WEPT as a power source alternative for sensors and transducers. The portable electronics industry is perhaps the most revolutionary in terms of the rapid progress in the application and centralization of WEPT. A subset of portable devices that utilize wireless data communications such as mobile phones, ‘Pods, and wireless computer peripherals, find WEPT particularly appealing. WEPT is seen as a natural complement to wireless data communications, completing the promising of a truly wireless device. The wireless power charger market is becoming competitive, with several companies developing commercial devices and retrofit gadgets for powering portable electronics. The surge in the growth of mobile electronics in the past decade has greatly enhanced the market potential for wireless rower chargers. Due to the relatively low cost and high efficiency of power line transmission, wireless power transmission is only practical under two general circumstances: 1) In order to transport necessary power over an impossible or impractical barrier for wires or 2) Rapid deployment of assets for disaster recovery or military operations that could be aided by wireless power transmission more than by local generators. How to cite Wireless power transfer, Papers

Property Law A Case Study

Questions: After being registered as proprietor with an absolute freehold title to 4 Oak Drive, Harold entered into a restrictive covenant for the benefit of 3 Acacia Avenue, a nearby property belonging to Bernard and Betty. Harold then granted a lease of 4 Oak Drive to James, for a term of nine years. In the lease Harold also granted James an option to purchase the freehold of the property at any time during the subsistence of the lease.Advise James, Bernard and Betty what steps they need to take (if any) to protect their respective interests in 4 Oak Drive?AND Nicola and David were married in 2010 when together they purchased 2 Oak Drive. Although both contributed to the purchase price only Nicola was registered as sole proprietor of the property. David assumed that the property had been registered in their joint names. In late 2014 Nicola and David began to have marital difficulties and David has since that time spent much of his time at his mothers house. In January 2015 Nicola approached t he Tugby Building Society to enquire whether the Building Society would lend her some money. After a survey was made of the property Nicola granted the Building Society a mortgage of the property as security for a loan of 95% of the market value of the house. Nicola has left the country with the mortgage monies and Ernie the milkman. Advise David. Would your answer differ if Nicola had appointed Ernie to be co-trustee and the mortgage money had been paid to them jointly? Answers: 1. The given case states that the primarily Harold has an absolute freehold over the property in 4 Oak Drive. On the other hand he enters into a restrictive covenant with the owners of 3 Acacia Avenue, Bernard and Betty. Harold later leases the property of 4 Oak Drive to James for a period of nine years. He also gives an option to James to purchase the free hold of the property at any time during the period of the lease. An absolute freehold title to any property implies that the owner has an absolute title to the property. In case of a freeholder title the owner is exempted from paying the annual ground rent. This implies that the owner of the 4 Oak Drive property Harold has an absolute title to enter into any transaction with regard to the property. A restrictive covenant is a kind of a private agreement between the owners of the land where one party can restrict the use of land which benefits the other land in some way or the other. In most cases restrictive covenants they are generally made on the title deeds for the property. In the case of restrictive covenants the parties of the property are generally not bound personally but the property is bound legally. This implies that such a covenant runs along with the land. Hence when the covenant is transferred from the original parties to new parties, the restrictive covenant still continues to exist. These covenants are enforceable by one landowner against another landowner even if the covenant is extremely old or seemed obsolete, provided that these covenants are restrictive. If a restrictive covenant is ignored, the aggrieved party can sue for a claim of damages for such breach and also sue for an injunction. Damages awarded may be either compensatory or in lieu of an injunction. While judging a breach of restrictive covenant the court might take into account the negotiations between the parties for releasing the covenant and whether the claimant might have agreed to the breach in order to prevent the breach. Further section 84 of the Law of Property Act 1925 or Article 5 of the Property (Northern Ireland) Order 1978, allows person who are interested in certain type of the land to apply to the Lands Tribunal and cancel or make appropriate modifications to any restriction in the land. In the case of Federated Homes v Mill Lodge Properties, the court had held that the benefits of the covenant would be automatically be annexed to every portion of the land for which it was originally taken. Again in the case of Rees v Peters [2011], the Court of Appeal relied on the significance of considering the covenant under a unique context for a specific transaction. In the given case, since Harold had entered into a restrictive covenant with Bernard and Betty for the benefit of their property, the owner of 4 Oak Drive has to abide by the restrictions mentioned in the covenant. If the covenant provides for restriction as to the leasing or any kind of transfer of the property, then any lease made on the property would be breach of the restrictive covenant on the property. Under such circumstances, Bernard and Betty have the right to sue Harold since he is the owner of the property for breach of the covenant. With regard to the breach, the owners of 3 Acacia Avenue, Bernard and Betty would be able to claim for damages for the breach of the restrictive covenant or can also claim for injunctions. The damages to be awarded can be either compensatory damages or the damages can be in lieu of the injunctions. Hence in order to protect the interests in the property the owners of 3 Acacia Avenue, Bernard and Betty can claim for these damages from Harold th e owner of the property of 4 Oak Drive in case of any breach. In case of injunctions, Bernard and Betty can claim for a prohibitory injunction requiring the Harold to stop any particular act or can also claim for interim injunction that will prevent any possible breach of the restrictive covenant. With regard to James, who is the lease holder of the property of 4 Oak Drive, if the conditions in the restrictive covenants are such that they require the leaseholder to abide by them then it is necessary for the leaseholder to abide by those rules. Every restrictive covenant is different from another and it is very essential to read the specified terms in the covenant. When a property is transferred to another person and the contract is signed by both parties they also agree to abide by the restrictive covenants in the contract. These covenants will be binding on the landowner until the time stated in the specified clause or as otherwise the clause states. Hence according to the property laws in United Kingdom, if James opts to purchase the freehold of the property of 4 Oak Drive, then the restrictive covenant on the land would automatically pass on to the new owner which would be James. In this regard another case may be mentioned Tulk v Moxhay (1848), where the Court had held that in most cases the restrictive covenant would run along with the land. This implies that the future owner of the land would be subject to the restrictions of the covenant. Hence James would be liable for the restrictive covenant and in case of any breach the owners of 3 Acacia Avenue, Bernard and Betty would be able to claim for damages from James. However until James purchases the land he would not be liable for the restrictive covenant. 2. Under the English property laws when a property is purchased under joint names, all the co-owners of the property will be permitted to hold a legal estate as the joint tenants and the beneficial interests in that property will be held either as joint tenants or tenants in common. In the case of joint tenants there lies an equal share in the property. The most easy way to identify whether the parties desire to own the property in equal or in unequal shares would be by making an expressed declaration to that extent with the help of the Land Registry form or with the help of any separate agreement. As a result of this a number of disputes that may arise resulting from the death of one partner or the breakdown of the relationship between the couple or the sale of the property. With regard to the joint ownership of property there has always been a number of arising disputes. For instance there may be the uncertainties relating to the position of the joint owners who did not clearly express their declaration with the help of an express declaration of the interests. In the case of Stack v Dowden, it was expected that the House of Lords would clear the positions of the co-owners. However the later decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Jones v Kernott, the confusions relating to the issue was further enhanced and increased the laws in this area. In the case of Stack v Dowden, the House of Lords stated that when no declaration of trust has been made by the parties, it will be assumed that they are joint tenants and hence would be entitled to the equal share in the property. This will be the rule until the other party can show the intentions to be different. In order to prove this a broad range of factors is required to be considered. In another case of Jones v Kernott, the Supreme Court however held that one of the manner in which this can be shown is that if the parties have the intention to hold the property in different shares. However, that cannot be done since the size of the shares may not be able to determine. Under such circumstances the court would have to identify what was just in the whole dealing of the course between the parties with regard to the property. Under such circumstances where the married persons wish to own the real estate property other than the spouse, then the other spouse is required to specify and disclaim or relinquish their ownership rights in the property. In the given case the facts state that Nicola and David was a couple who got married in the year 2010 and also purchased the property of 2 Oak Drive. When the property was purchased even though both had contributed to the purchase money, there were not registered as the joint co-owners. Instead Nicola was registered as the sole owner of the property. Further during 2014, when there were marital differences between the couple David was staying in another home. Later Nicola being the sole owner mortgaged the property of 2 Oak Drive to Tugby Building Society as security for a loan of 95% of the market value of the house. She also left the country with the mortgage money with Ernie. In the given case the biggest difficulty in the given case is the absence of the co-ownership between Nicola and David. Even though David had paid a certain amount of money for the property there was no evidence of that as the sole owner was registered as Nicola. However one remedy may be helpful under this condition that is the concept of undue influence. The primary principle of the concept of undue influence was stated by Lord Nicholls in the case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge(No. 2) 6. He held that the concept of undue influence is one of the grounds of relief to be developed by the courts is the court of conscience. The objective is that one person is not able to influence another person as a result of his or her position. In the given case, since Nicola was the wife of David, she was in an influential position to dominate the will of David to make her the owner of the property. Hence David can sue Nicola for undue influence in the given case. In the second part of the problem, if Ernie had been the co-owner of the mortgage property and the money for the mortgage had been paid to them jointly, under such circumstances it is only possible to claim for damages only when the property was co-owned by David. Hence in order to sue Ernie for the mortgage money he first needs to prove that the property was co -owned by him along with Nicola. In order to prove that the property was co-owned by David it is necessary to establish that the purchase transaction was not made with the free will and consent of David. In most cases the law will presume that there existed the concept of undue influence when the complainant has placed trust and confidence in the other party with regard to the management of the affairs of the complainant. There exists some fiduciary relationship where it is presumed that trust and confidence existed in the parties automatically. For instance in the relationship between the client and a solicitor the presence of undue influence can be observed. However the relationship between husband and wife is not a fiduciary relationship and hence in order to prove undue influence it is essential that there existed trust and confidence in each other. References Clarke A and Kohler P,Property Law(Cambridge University Press 2005) Cowan D,Housing Law And Policy(Cambridge University Press 2011) Epstein R,Economics Of Property Law(Edward Elgar 2007) Hewitson R,Property Law Statutes 2011-2012(Taylor and Francis 2013) Hodgkinson L,The Complete Guide To Letting Property(Kogan Page 2008) Megarry R and Wade W,The Law Of Real Property(Stevens 1975) Spiers D,Property Law(Dundee University Press 2008) Federated Homes v Mill Lodge Properties(1980) 1 All ER Jones v Kernott[2011] UKSC Rees v Peters[2011] All ER (D) Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge[2015] (No 2) Stack v Dowden[2007] UKHL Tulk v Moxhay(1848) 41 ER

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Book Rep. essays

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Book Rep. essays Mark Twains, The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer, is a story told from the eyes of the young Tom Sawyer. The story takes place in the small rustic town of St. Petersburg Missouri. Tom Sawyer is the main character of the book. Tom is an imaginative young man who always seems to be getting into trouble. Tom is very adventurous, he never passes up a chance to play pirates, robbers, or soldiers. This book has multiple themes but the most important is knowing when its right to talk and tell the truth and when its better to be quiet or lie. At the beginning of the story Tom is introduced by climbing in his window after a long night of cavorting with his friends. Soon after the start of the story Tom meets Huckleberry Fin. Huck is a local outcast of society who likes to live by his own terms. Tom and Huck become good friends. One night the two boys go to the grave yard. While they are there they witness the murder of the town doctor, Mr. Robinson. The boys watched as Injun! Joe kills the doctor and frames a drunk by the name of Muff Potter who just happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. The boys swear never to speak of this again. Soon after this Tom falls in love with his new neighbor, Becky Thatcher. Eventually the two become engaged but the engagement falls through when Tom accidentally mentions his former love while talking with Becky. The two fued and do not speak. Meanwhile, the whole town is gossiping of the murder of Dr. Robinson and the prosecution of Muff Potter. A trail quickly forms and Muff is put on the stand. Tom knows he can not let the innocent Muff go to jail so as the trial comes to a close Tom testifies, proving Injun Joe guilty. This is the climax of the story. After the trial ends, the man hunt for Injun Joe begins. Tom is treated like a hero, but feels bad knowing that he broke Hucks oath. Becky and Tom soon become friends again after Tom takes Beckys punishment at school for being careless wi...

25 Quotes About Laughing and Laughter

25 Quotes About Laughing and Laughter Writer Madeleine L’Engle once quipped: A good laugh heals a lot of hurts. Indeed, CPF, the official journal of the College of Family Physicians of Canada, stated that laughter and humor have great medical benefits. And prescribing laughter is free, the medical organization notes. It makes sense, then, to find ways to include laughter in your daily life.  People who laugh more live longer and happier than worrywarts. These quotes from famous people, great thinkers, and even a few comedians will show you that laughter is no laughing matter. Lighten your life with a chuckle every day. Audrey Hepburn I love people who make me laugh. I honestly think its the thing I like most, to laugh. It cures a multitude of ills. Its probably the most important thing in a person. Henry Ward Beecher Beware of him who hates the laugh of a child. Will Rogers An onion can make people cry but theres never been a vegetable that can make people laugh. Woody Allen If you want to make God laugh, tell him about your plans. Mary H. Waldrip A laugh is a smile that bursts. Arthur Marshall Laugh it off, laugh it off; its all part of lifes rich pageant. Thomas Szasz When a person can no longer laugh at himself, it is time for others to laugh at him. Jonathan Davis You laugh at me because Im different, I laugh at you because youre all the same. Abraham Lincoln With the fearful strain that is on me night and day, if I did not laugh I should die. Charlie Chaplin To truly laugh, you must be able to take your pain, and play with it! Kurt Vonnegut Laughter and tears are both responses to frustration and exhaustion. I myself prefer to laugh since there is less cleaning up to do afterward. Maya Angelou Perhaps travel cannot prevent bigotry, but by demonstrating that all peoples cry, laugh, eat, worry, and die, it can introduce the idea that if we try and understand each other, we may even become friends. Max Eastman Dogs laugh, but they laugh with their tails. Max Frisch When you say a friend has a sense of humor do you mean that he makes you laugh, or that he can make you laugh? Jane Austen For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbors and laugh at them in our turn? David Herbert Lawrence One could laugh at the world better if it didnt mix tender kindliness with its brutality. Richard Pryor Theres a thin line between to laugh with and to laugh at. Anthony Burgess Laugh and the world  laughs with you, snore and you sleep alone. Eminem Anybody with a sense of humor is going to put on my album and laugh from beginning to end. Bryant H. McGill Why do we laugh at such terrible things? Because comedy is often the sarcastic realization of inescapable tragedy. Jay Leno You cannot be mad at somebody who makes you laugh - its as simple as that. Mahatma Gandhi First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win. Voltaire God is a comedian, playing to an audience too afraid to laugh. Jerry Seinfeld The Four Levels of Comedy: Make your friends laugh, make strangers laugh, get paid to make strangers laugh, and make people talk like you because its so much fun.

The Housing Market Bubble Burst Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Housing Market Bubble Burst - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Housing Market Bubble Burst" discusses why the housing market bubble burst in 2006 by analyzing the situation from the demand-supply perspective. The burgeoning demand got fuelled due to the availability of cheap credits from the lending institutions such as banks and others. Initial genuine demand from the needy people gets mixed up with the demand from the speculators who take the advantage of available cheap credits start inflating the demand. Demand surpassing supply, prices begin to jump. This is further fueled by the burgeoning economy and good GDP numbers quarter to quarter misguiding masses and almost everybody that this is a genuine demand. The unfortunate part is that in a free economy such as the US, the government cannot intervene directly. Gradually, market reaches to a saturation level where there is no further demand. Meanwhile, supply also keeps pace with the demand. The phenomenon continues for a long time. Underlying weaknesses are not notice d immediately. As in the case of U.S housing scenario, demand between 1993 and 2006 was inflated due to cheap credit that was available coupled with demand from investors aka speculators. It is difficult to estimate but experts say demand from speculators in any rising market is between 60-70 percent. Speculators will hold until they notice the first sign of weakness in the market. All the speculative demand will now take a reversal to book profit. Supply pressure will increase with less and less demand. A downward trend will take many into trappings. A reversal in economy means increased unemployment rate and that will make many people insolvent to pay for their mortgage liabilities. This will eventually lead to foreclosures further increasing the supply manifold. A phenomenon continues until a point where prices are lucrative enough to cause supply matches demand. Prices remain afloat at this level for quite a long time. The point to emphasize here is that artificial demand cannot sustain the housing price for a long and that is what exactly happened. (Thomas, 2006) What Next Given the phenomena of housing bubble burst from the peak of 2006, a question remains to be answered whether housing price has reached to its lowest or there is still a possibility of housing prices going further down to reach its old levels. There are many proponents of the theory that there would be another housing bubble bursting soon or for that matter to say that a downward phenomenon will continue. Ilargi (2011) argues that credit in the US is quickly vanishing. He further states that Treasury and the Federal Reserve are lending our own money. Moreover, the future economic conditions in US will create a severe debt scarcity. The foremost reason given by several analysts is that of the debt saturation that the US economy has almost reached-- a point where total income cannot support total debt. It is also said that new debt cannot increase any GDP. According to them, the U.S househ old debt-income ratio was 136 percent in the first quarter of 2008, which currently is stated to be at 126 percent. Before 2001, it was found to be just 70 percent. In order to reduce debt-income ratio to the reasonable level, current debt needs to be reduced by about $6-trillion. But so far only $600-billion of household debt has been reduced. This proves that American debt has reached to a saturation level and it cannot be increased further. On the other hand, that is being replaced with the in surmountable growth of US government debt. (Ilargi 2011) Housing

Bullying and Cyber Bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying and Cyber Bullying - Research Paper Example It is quite possible that a number of parents remain unaware about the fact that their child is being bullied at school or in the neighborhood; as many children might not complain about being bullied. In other cases, where children do complain about being bullied, their parents, caregivers, or school teachers might not take such complaints seriously. Thus, it is important that parents should take interest in whatever is going on in the school lives of their children, so that if they detect any disturbing signs in them, they can address the issue instantly. Keeping in view the rapidly growing rates of bullying in school, it is imperative for the teachers and the parents not to ignore the complaints of children regarding bullying. â€Å"Use of the three criteria of intention, repetitiveness, and imbalance of power for classification of behaviour as bullying seems now to be well accepted among both researchers and practitioners (e.g. Smith & Brain, 2000)† (Jimerson 11). When children interact with each other, they act and respond according to their individual behaviors. In general, they can either show normal or hyper active, or sensitive, or aggressive behaviors, depending upon the type of situation they find themselves in. Bullying is such type of behavior that has three distinct qualities: intention, repetitiveness and imbalance of power. Bullying is definitely not an unintentional behavior. A bully intentionally hurts the other child by identifying his/her weakness or sensitivity. It is normal for children to fight or quarrel during playtime. Normally, their quarrels are resolved within no time and they start playing again. But in a situation where one child is intentionally hurting the other, then they both might be gradually adopting the roles of a bully and the bullied, respectively. Their quarrels would not settle on their own but would

Global Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Economics - Essay Example The recent fascination appears to have been inspired by their success in dealing with hyperinflation in several countries such as Argentina and Bulgaria. Argentina did in fact abandon its currency board sometimes back in 2002 after it experienced one of it's worst recession. Lithuania and Estonia also turned to currency boards to obtain credibility for their newly established countries. The renewed appetite for fixed exchange rate regime justifies a closer look at ideal conditions for their establishment, with particular interest to the Argentina's experience. A currency board combines three aspects; one, the exchange rate is fixed to an anchor currency. Secondly, there must be automatic convertibility- it should be always possible to exchange local currency at the fixed rate and thirdly, there should be a long term dedication to this system. The fixed exchange regime that that currency board imports is usually appropriate for small economies with fragile central banks. The fixed exchange rate regime will only be effective if there are sufficient foreign exchange reserves to cover the local current issued. A fixed exchange rate system will be of no use if a country is unable to maintain a sustainable exchange rate to the anchor currency. This might cause serious balance of payment problems if the local currency is overvalued. Argentina paid scant respect for these economic principles that precipitated its financial crisis of 2002. The peso was locked at one US dollar since 1991, when then the currency board was established. Because of this overvaluation, Argentina exported too little and imported too much. The manufactured balance of payment problems rendered it difficult for the country to earn the foreign exchange it needed to repay its foreign debts. Usually, currency boards have the capacity to instill confidence in the public and financial markets because of the certainty of payment adjustment mechanism. However, experiences with Argentina and Hong Kong shows that currency board are not immune to speculative tendencies induced by fear of devaluation. Devaluation did actually take place in Argentina in 2002. Though this was meant to help resolve the countries balance of payment problems, it rendered many businessmen who had borrowed in foreign currency bankrupt. It is also essential for the fiscal policy of a country to be disciplined by the establishment of a currency board and this requires political will from the establishment. At least initially, Argentina bureaucrats played by the rules of the game. But they were perhaps emboldened and the discipline was lost in the late 90's when Argentina picked where it had left from and proceeded to ruin its economy by running persistent deficits. Argentina Convertibility Plan: Mission Impossible. The convertibility plan got its name from the currency board arrangement that was at the centre of economic program in Argentina. At first, it experienced a measure of success and was credited with the growth and stability experienced there in the first half on the 1990's. The initial success, which saw the growth rates going up to 9 percent in 1994, momentarily made Carlos Menem, the then President, and Domingo Cavallo, the then minister of finance heroes in Argentina. The latter years were far from rosy. It's hard to put a finger at what really went wrong and some things even surprised seasoned economists, like the fact that

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography

Contrast Media Used in Intravenous Urography Introduction Intravenous urogram is also known as intravenous pyelogram. It is a radiology procedure to view the urine system including kidney, bladder and ureter. Intravenous urogram is roughly examination allows the doctor to see structures like the cortex, renal, calyceal, renal pelvis, pyeloureteric junction, bladder and ureteric drainage. Among the problems that can be examined in this way is a bladder infection, kidney infection, bleeding in the urine, tumor, injury to the urinary tract after a severe external injuries, and several other related diseases. To carry out this examination, special materials required for these structures can be seen in the x-ray images. Special materials that are the contrast media. Contrast agent is injected into a vein in the body and it will be distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, before it is eliminated by the kidneys. Often the contrast agent is injected through the median cubital vein, and images of some of the kidney resulting contrast image synthesis. There are several types of projections used in the trial of IVU. Projections are as full length KUB, KUB on your belly, cross-dim range reduced the renal kidney and upper ureter, oblique to the kidneys, bladder anteroposterior angle of 15 degrees to prevent bladder covered with pubic symphysis and the bladder oblique. Contrast agents can be viewed directly on the kidney immediately after injection and is known as nephrogram. This shows the contrast agent by glomerular filtered before reaching colyceal system. It is important to examine the renal outline, and can detect tumors, cysts or cortical scarring. He also produces initial information about the sign of kidney. After 5 minutes of an injection is given, calyces will be filled with contrast agents, which will then move down the ureter to fill the bladder. Contraindications Contraindications that should be known by the radiographers before any procedure is as renal colic, renal calculi, abdominal pain, abdominal surgery at the latest, after the patient gave birth, and the replacement of the kidney. This contraindication is important to avoid complications that may occur. Patient preparation before during the examination Patients are not allowed to drink a few hours before urogram examination. Patients are also asked to take a laxative to make sure everything is clean from the dirty material. If the patient is taking any medications such as blood pressure medicines, patients can continue taking these drugs unless prohibited by a doctor. If the patient is pregnant, the patient should be told radiographers working. Intravenous urogram was not performed on patients who are pregnant unless certain emergency cases. Patients will be asked to sign a document. This document is carrying all the risks, benefits and all the compilations that can occur. This allows the patient to understand all the procedures of this inspection. If the patient agrees to assume all risks and understand the procedures established, the patient can sign the documents and procedures will be carried out. Precautions before use of contrast media in intravenous urogram The reaction cannot be expected to contrast media, and all patients should be cared for and tidy during the procedure.  Of interest to examine the patient before performing any procedure should not be taken lightly.  This guide will allow the radiographers to carry out the procedure.  Radiographers should know the signs of the various reactions that occur.  There are many steps that must be taken before, during and after the use of intravenous contrast media.  The first, radiographers must know the patients health history.  Secondly, if the patient is a patient who had a high risk, radiographers must use low-osmolar contrast media. Among patients with high risk of the asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, and others.  Next, batch number and expiry date should be examined in contrast media.  In addition, radiographers must ensure that the contrast agents in body temperature.  Radiographers should also check whether or not the package has disterile.  Prior to this contrast media marginal, they should know the correct procedures, checking emergency equipment and know how to use these tools, and check the appropriate volume of contrast, the dose and the correct procedures. Intravenous urogram procedure Urografi intravenous test was initiated by asking the patient to remove clothing and wear a hospital gown provided.  Patients are also asked to remove all jewelry that was found in patients.  Then the patient will undergo blood tests to check whether the patients kidney function is good or not. After that, the patient will be laid on stretchers or x-ray table.  Then, the radiographers will take an x-ray images before contrast medium injection.  Injection of contrast media on the patient through an intravenous.  An intravenous cannula (IV) is inserted through a vein in the patients arm or hand.  Then, the contrast medium injected. X-rays are taken at the times specified.  Several sequences of the film will be done according to the test.  X-ray frequencies depends on the patients kidneys to menurus contrast media.  Normally, the kidneys would normally filter the contrast medium within 5 to 10 minutes.  Pesalit should remain a rest between each x-ray is taken.  Another imaging technique will be used in conjunction with intravenous urogram called kidney tomogram.  This is the imaging pictures of patient kidney in the slice condition. Nurses will assist the radiographers to check the patients pulse, respiration and blood pressure continuously.  Before the last x-ray is taken, the patient will be asked to empty their bladder.  This is to see patients when the bladder is empty. Intravenous urogram procedures completed when all the tracks clearly show the urine pictures x-ray.  The entire procedure takes about one hour. Procedure during injection During injection, radiographers must know where the Radiologist or a doctor may be contacted.  In addition, radiographers must constantly monitor the respiration rate, blood pressure, color and level of patient awareness. Procedure after the injection Radiographers should remain with the patient not less than 15 minutes.  when the inspection was made, check whether pesalit can return home safely or not.  do not allow patients to return if there are any complications. Film sequence Intravenous urogram test is one test that will need to use a lot of film.  This is because the procedure performed and requires much more structure posisisi patients body to be x-ray.  Preliminary film is the first film to be taken to the test.  Preliminary film using a film of size 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm).  The film will be placed under the patient.  the patient would lie with the projection AP abdomen to include the symphysis pubis and diafgram border.  This is to check the patients abdomen was doing inventory and to disclose any case of calcifications of the renal tract.  X-ray beam was centered in the middle of the level of iliac crest.  Additional X-ray taken to determine any akkan opacities present in the patients body.  35 degrees posterior to the renal area.  Preliminary objective was to examine the patients colon and bowel preparation to see patients.  It also seeks to identify the renal position to determine the exposure factors.  It is also to l ook at problems in kidney patients. Then radiographers will take x-ray film, called immediate.  The film will be taken immediately after injection of contrast media.  Film size 10 x 17 inches (24 x 30 cm) was used to film this immediate.  X-ray beam centered between the lower costal margin and xiphisternum.  Patients will be in a state of AP in the area to see renal patients kidneys when contrast is injected.  It aims to show nefrogram, renal parenchyma is opacified by contrast medium in patients with renal tubules.  The aim is to show the film immediate renal parenchyma to show neofrogram phase.  It is also to examine the size of kidney patients will be expanded from the original size after injection of contrast. After 5 minutes of contrast media injected in patients, radiographers will take an x-ray.X-ray called a 5 minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm) used for this film.  Patients in the supine AP and AP projeksinya for renal area.  After 5 minutes of completion of the injection of contrast medium to patients, taking X-rays done full KUB shows the urinary system.  Taking pictures of x-ray taken at this time to determine the patients bowel movement is symmetrical and does not need to modify the technique for assessing needs.  For example, another contrast medium should be injected when the kidney is less opacification.  The purpose of a 5 minute film is to compare the flow of contrast agent by the two sides of kidney patients.  It is also to see the patients pelvis system.  5 minute film is also to examine the excretion of symmetry in both kidneys. After that, the film is taken 15 minutes.  This film is so named because the x-ray is taken after 15 minutes the patient is injected with contrast media.  Film size 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done 15 minutes after injection (10 minutes after the film 5 minutes).  The aim is to see the renal calyx system more clearly, the pressure is on this film series with kolimasi exposure on renal kawaswan.  Use of pressure rings are not needed when the patient shows any indication of renal calculi and in patients after surgery.  This is to avoid injury to the renal patient.  Perform head-down position when the pressure rings are not used. Then, release film taken after the 15-minute film.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray done after opening the pressure ring or for patients who do not use the pressure ring, the patient should be changed from the head down position to a reclining position.  The entire urinary system and bladder area should look at this film series. The last film was taken in a test called the film post void / micturate.  Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film.  Taking x-ray performed after the patients bowel to empty the urinary bladder.  The purpose of the film post void / micturate was to assess the patients residual urine after urination.  It is also to see the ability to clear the patients ureter bladder.  It also showed no bladder problems such as tumors and divertikulum. Risk of Intravenous urogram examination Intravenous urogram is always carried out without any risks or problems.  This examination is a safe examination.  However, to ensure that all the conditions are really safe and to avoid any complications, patients should be caring and always sensitive to side effects.  The patient is exposed to radiation.  Rate of radiation received by patients was similar to the radiation received by all the environment for 14 months. If the patient is pregnant, this examination cannot be done.  This is because the fear of radiation can have adverse side effects on the content.  There are also some potential side effects experienced by patients after the inspection but it is very poor.  If there are any side effects, patients may feel hot or itchy and uncomfortable in the mouth after receiving an injection of contrast media.  It only felt by the patient for a few minutes. Patient care Care for patients after intravenous urogram examination is essential.  This is due to revive a patient of any effects after the test.  Radiographers should ensure that patients in stable condition.  Slowly open the needle and clean the place involved.  Give an explanation to the patient for follow-up care after testing is completed.  Ask patients to change their clothes after the completion of the test.  Radiographers should also advise patients to drink sufficient water to remove the contrast media from the patients body. Complication Complications may occur during or after the inspection.  Allergic reaction or allergy to contrast media is a major risk even kidney damage could be one of the complications.  If the patient has allergies to iodine, contrast material, has a problem hives, difficulty breathing, the patient should immediately notify the radiographers.  Detailed information and the patients medical history should be known in order to avoid any complications that may occur. CONTRAST MEDIA Introduction Clinical diagnostic radiology has been developed not only in terms of equipment and techniques used, but the contrast media allows visual structure and internal organs can be seen in more detail.  A dose of contrast media used in x-ray usually contains 2000 times as much iodine content of iodine in the body.  However, iodine contained in the contrast media will be removed in a natural system immediately.  Generally no side effects occur.  Selection of contrast media has always been a problem, but actually it depends on the radiologist itself.  To make rational decisions about the choice of contrast media have a high understanding of the principles of physical and physiological needed. Why contras media is necessary? The level of attenuation of all the patients affected by the atomic number of factors involved.  If there is such a large density difference between the heart muscle and the air in the lungs, the lines of the structure can be seen on radiographs as a natural contrast exists.  Similarly, if there are differences in the number of atoms between two tissues like muscle and bone.  Muscles consist of low atomic number instead of bone consists of calcium and has a high atomic number of lebiih.  Line structure can be seen because of the natural contrast.  But if the two organs that have the density and atomic number is not much difference, it is not possible to distinguish the structure of the organ in the radiograph because the contrast does not exist naturally. So, no way we could see the blood vessels in an organ or internal structure of the kidneys without the use of other substances or change the contrast.  Two important factors can be changed is the density and atomic number of an organ structure.  Number of atomic structure is hollow as the blood vessels can be added or promoted by filling the liquid has a higher atomic number such as iodine contained in the contrast media. Type of contrast media There are several types of contrast media used.  Contrast media can be differentiated based on the modality used.  Although there are various types of contrast media, the type often used is based on its x-ray attenuation and magnetic resonance signals.Contrast media can be divided into two positive contrast media and contrast media is negative.  Contrast material is used to enhance x-ray attenuation.  Positive contrast media materials give the white in the image. While the media are negative contrast material was used to portray the image black.Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance signal as MRI contrast agents.  Gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI scans.  There are two types of positive contrast material is used in an x-ray of barium and iodine.  There are many types of existing iodine contrast media with different viscosities, osmolariti and iodine content. a) Non-iodine contrast media Medium contrast material is a white powder that was insoluble.  The powder is mixed with water and a few other extra components to make a mixture of contrast material. This material is generally only used in the digestive tract.  Normally this type of contrast medium ingested or given by enema.  Upon examination, this material will be removed from the body with dirty materials.  Non-iodine dimer is the best choice for a low toxic content.  However, non-iodine dimer has a higher price. b) Iodine contrast media Materials iodine contrast media is soluble in water and is not harmful to the body.Contrast materials are widely sold as a solution of clear, colorless liquid.  Concentrations are usually expressed in mg / ml.  Iodine contrast material is used almost in every human body.  Iodine contrast media is divided into three.  Contrast media containing iodine oil, iodine contrast media and water-soluble contrast media are not water soluble. Microbubbles were a contrast agent used to help sonographic echocardiogram.  These bubbles of nitrogen and supported by proteins, lipids or polymers.  Decrease in density between gas and liquid surrounding the bubble and will reflect back ultrasound.  This process causes the resulting image can be seen clearly. Effect of contrast media Contrast media are safe to use, but some health problems associated with some of the contrast media.  Reactions vary about the danger of death, with approximately 0.9 deaths per 100 000 cases.  These factors are invited to this dangerous reactions, including a strong allergy, asthma and heart disease bronchiol.  There are many misconceptions that exist among the professionals is the contrast between the media associated with allergic reactions to seafood because they both have the iodine content in it. However, few studies have been made and indicated that while iodine is a substance often used in contrast media, but it was not the cause of the allergy but it is better for patients with a history of other allergies.  However, there are also some patients reactions to contrast media.  Examples of such reactions are nausea or vomiting, feeling hot all over the body, while itching, sneezing, sometimes shortness of breath and hypotension.  Actual reactions depending on the patients own resistance. Way of contrast media given 1) Through Oral Contrast media is given by mouth by drinking or swallowing of contrast media.  Normally it is barium sulfate.  Giving oral contrast media will affect where the stomach will look white on x-ray film.  Contrast media containing barium sulfate is not harmful.  Barium sulfate is excreted out in a day or two days.  In all cases, the use of contrast media is not advised for pregnant women because of lack of conclusive evidence about how safe contrast media in pregnancy.  However, if this type of examination can save lives, the risks should be weighed again on a case-by-case. 2) Through Anal (small intestine and large intestine) Contrast media through the rectum or anal granted. Contrast media is inserted into the rectum with the help of rectal catheter. Rectal contrast media through which this will affect the large intestine will look white on x-ray film. In this way, the various organs or structures can be viewed and studied. 3) Through intravascular Contrast media is given by intravascular injection. Often, the material used is iodine-based contrast media. Most patients can be detained and given an injection of contrast media quickly removed from the body without adverse side effects. Iodine-based contrast media caused a warm feeling when injected. Sometimes patients may feel sick after receiving the injections. Therefore, patients are always advised not to take any food before any radiological examinations requiring contrast media. Rarely, iodine-based contrast media may cause an allergic reaction. Gadolinium contrast media are also given in the form of magnetic resonance imaging during the injection. Contrast medium is working to enable the organs that have good blood supply appears white on the MRI images. Selection of contrast media Radiologist choose the type of contrast media based on experience and knowledge. They choose the type of contrast media depends on the patients condition. To make decisions, various factors including clinical factors and financial factors are also considered to assist in making a selection. Royal College of Radiologist provide some guidance. Among the patients who are at high risk of reaction. Among them are children, the elderly, diabetics, patients suffering from asthma, and patients with allergies. In this group, 25% of patients were recommended for the test. How the contrast media used There are a number of radiological examinations using contrast media. Volume, different types of contrast media for each patient depending on the type of inspection and the need Radiologist. Angiography Angiography is the examination carried out to examine the blood vessels. Selection of arteriography and venography depending on what type of blood vessels to be inspected. Either vein or artery. Arteriography For arteriography, the contrast media through the catheter used in the arteries. Blood flow will lead to the loss of contrast media. With this, the image of the artery can be seen in organs or in other parts division. Venography For venography, contrast medium injected into the vein and vein travel throughout the body can be seen. The greater the size and number of veins in the body, the more positions that need to be made by radiographers to obtain images of veins throughout the body. Normally venography performed to confirm the patient has deep vein thrombosis. In the leg, venography was also performed on the organs in the body by inserting the contrast medium into the organ via the venous catheter. Intravenous urography (IVU) Intravenous urography is a check for a urinary tract. When an intravenous injected, most of the contrast media to be secreted by the kidneys. This inspection is performed to check whether there is any kidney stones or other kidney problems. Computer tomography (ICT) An electronic, ICT has a better contrast sensitivity. But it cannot create a contrast which does not exist naturally. A total of 43% of CT procedures using contrast media. CT is widely used in the body but are often used for examination of neurons as the brain and spinal cord. It is also used for examining the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It is also useful for examining the tumor. Myelography Spinal cord and major nerves can not be displayed by x-ray without the use of contrast media. Spinal cord and other nerves can be displayed using MRI. Images can be produced if the contrast medium injected into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Contrast media have been created specifically for this examination. The majority of myelography made to examine the lumbar to confirm any clinical problems such as intervertebral disc out of the home. However, CT and MRI now has replaced myelography as the research lumbar. Myelography with CT scan was used to investigate spinal cord and cervical areas. Inspection of other There are several other examinations in which contrast media are needed. As an example of the contrast medium is introduced to the structure of such joints to study the anatomy and pathology. Iodine containing contrast media when given orally, it can be used to examine organs such as the small intestines. Responsibilities of radiographers Radiographers should be sensitive to the needs of patients are willing to help and should have a responsible attitude. Always willing to help the state to face and deal with an emergency procedure, especially when contrast media. Clearly and accurately describes the procedure of contrast media using language easily understood by patients. Cooperation of the two parties to produce a successful procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, much needed in the media kontas produces images that are clearer and brighter because it has the properties of radio-opect less penetrated by x-ray. It will also be a dangerous to the patient if the radiographers to take it easy patient safety.

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society Essay

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society When Spaniards first set foot on Mesoamerican shores in the early sixteenth century, they encountered not the godless mass of natives they believed they found, but a people whose rich spiritual traditions shaped and sustained them for thousands of years. These diverse spiritual practices legitimized nearly every aspect of Mesoamerican daily life, from science and architecture to art and politics (Carmack 295), in many of the same ways Catholicism did in Spain. The collision of these cultures in the Great Encounter and the resulting Spanish colonial state mixed not solely two different peoples—Indian and Spanish—but thousands of variants: elites and slaves, peasant farmers and traders, priests and traders, organized and local spiritual customs, all with different degrees of diversity in their respective religious practices. This diversity set the stage for the syncretic religious traditions that emerged in Mayan society and remain a vital part of that culture today. Syncretic refers to the "nature of ideas, deities, and practices that derive from historically distinct traditions that become reinterpreted and transformed in situations of a cultural encounter" (Carmack 303). The cultural encounter between Mesoamericans and the Catholic Church was a natural result of mutual needs. The Indians needed protection from the cruelties inflicted by Spanish colonists, and the Church in many ways fought for their basic human rights; the Church needed land and support for their missions, and the Indians provided provisions and labor in much the same fashion as they had been giving tribute to ruling elites for thousands of years (Fash). This arrangement gave missionaries access not only to the Indians’ bodies—in the form of sweat and labor—but also their hearts and souls. The introduction of Christianity to native Mesoamericans, however, expressed itself in ways unexpected to the Catholic missionaries. For example, the concept of Jesus Christ—both in colonial Mesoamerica and today in thousands of Indian communities—became one of the several manifestations of the sun god (Carmack 304). The Virgin of Guadalupe, today the patron saint of Mexico, was and is embraced by Indians who interpreted her and the myth surrounding her 1531 appearance to Juan Diego in traditional spiritual custom: she is depicted as a d... ...storical documents such as Altar Q at Copà ¡n and the codexes. Other religious practices that resulted from the blending of ancient Mesoamerican and Catholic cultures in the diversity of colonial life include: the construction of churches and cathedrals on or near ancient temple sites; the ritual use of a fermented drink in spiritual practices (pulque and wine); public worship; incense; bundle cults; and many other "little traditions" (Carmack 304). Myriad syncretic spiritual forms evolved during the era of colonial Mesoamerica, expressing both public devotional practices and private household rituals that many times were veiled from Church scrutiny (Carmack 308). These rituals, born in indigenous culture and adapted to the drastically changed socio-economic and political landscape of colonial life, represent some of the few remaining links to the region’s spiritual and historical past. Bibliography: Carlsen, Robert. The War for the Heart & Soul of a Highland Maya Town. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Carmack, Robert, Janine Grasco, and Gary Gossen. The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New York: Prentice Hall, 1996.

Walmart, Amazon, and Ebay: Who Will Dominate Internet Retailing?

There are many different business trends shaping e-commerce today. For one, ecommerce remains the fastest growing form of commerce when compared to physical retain store, services, and entertainment. Another trend is that the online demographics of shoppers broaden to match those of ordinary shoppers. Also, small businesses and entrepreneurs continue to flood through the e-commerce marketplace, often riding on the infrastructures created by industry giants and increasingly taking advantage of cloud-based computing resources. Lastly, pure e-commerce business models are refined further to achieve higher levels of profitability, whereas traditional retail brands use e-commerce to retain their dominant retail positions. 1b Name and describe three technology trends shaping e-commerce today. There are many different technology trends shaping e-commerce today. One technology trend is that wireless internet connections grow rapidly. Also, powerful handheld mobile devices support music, Web surfing, and entertainment as well as voice communication. Podcasting and streaming take off as mediums for distribution of video, radio, and user-generation content. c List and describe the eight unique features of e-commerce. There are eight different unique features of e-commerce today. First, ubiquity, which means that e-commerce is available everywhere; it is available at home, work, and elsewhere via mobile devices. Mobile devices extend service to local areas and merchants. Next, global reach makes e-commerce unique bec ause technology can reach all the way around the Earth. E-commerce is also unique because of universal standards; there is one set of technology standards, namely internet standards, making communication between computer systems easy. Richness is a unique quality because it makes video, audio, and text messages possible. They are integrated into a single marketing message and consumer experiment. Interactivity is unique because it allows the technology to work through interaction with the users. Another unique feature of e-commerce is information density because the technology reduces information costs and raises the quality. Personalization is a unique feature because the technology allows personalized messages to be delivered to individuals as well as groups. Lastly, social technology is a unique feature of e-commerce because it allows the user to use social networking to share with personal friends, content of many different forms. 2a Name and describe the principal e-commerce business models. There are several principal e-commerce business models. E-tailer sells physical products directly to consumers or to individual businesses. Transaction brokers save users money and time by processing online sales transactions and generating a fee each time a transaction occurs. The market creator business model provides a digital environment where buyers and sellers can meet, search for products, display products, and establish prices for those products. The content provider model creates revenue by providing digital content such as news, music, photos, or video over the Web. The customer can pay to access the content, or revenue may be generated by selling advertising space. A community provider provides an online meeting place where people with similar interests can communicate and find useful information. The portal business model provides initial point of entry to the Web along with specialized content and other services. Lastly, a service provider provides Web applications such as photo sharing, video sharing, and user generated content as services. Other services are also provided such as online data storage and backup. 2b Name and describe the e-commerce revenue models. There are several different e-commerce revenue models that describe how the firm will earn revenue, generate profit, and produce a superior return on investment. The advertising revenue model is the most widely used revenue model. In this model, a Web site generates revenue by attracting a large audience of visitors who can then be exposed to advertisements. In the sales revenue model, companies derive revenue by selling goods, information, or services to customers. In the subscription revenue model, a Web site offering content or services charges a subscription fee for access to some or all of its offerings on an ongoing basis. In the free revenue model, firms offer basic services or content for free, while charging a premium for advanced or special features. In the transactions fee revenue model, a company receives a fee for enabling a transaction. Lastly, in the affiliate revenue model, Web sites send visitors to other Web sites in return for a referral fee or percentage of the revenue from any resulting sales. 3a How do social networking and â€Å"the wisdom of crowds† help companies improve their marketing. Social networking helps companies improve marketing because they link people through their mutual business or personal connections, enabling them to mine their friends for sales leads, job hunting tips, or new friends. The wisdom of crowds†, it is argued that a large number of people can make better decisions about a wide range of topics or products than a single person or a small group of experts. It helps improve marketing by suggesting that firms should consult with thousands of their customers first as a way of establishing a relationship with them and to better understand how their products and services are used a nd appreciated. 3b Define the social graph and explain how it is used in e-commerce marketing. The social graph is a map of all significant online social relationships, comparable to a social network describing offline relationships. It is a small world that links people more tightly than they think. Overall, marking with social media is still in early stages and companies are experimenting in hopes of finding a winning formula. It is used to shape social networks, connecting people all over the world to businesses. 4 Explain how Internet technology supports business-to-business electronic commerce. Internet technology supports business to business electronic commerce because it has potential to have trillions of dollars released for more productive uses, consumer prices would fall potentially, productivity would increase, and the economic wealth of the nation would expand. Business to business e-commerce refers to the commercial transactions that occur among business firms which flow through a variety of different Internet-enabled mechanisms. Transactions are automatically transmitted through networks, eliminating the printing and handling of paper. a List and describe important types of e-commerce services and applications. There are many important types of e-commerce services and applications. Location based services is built with a GPS and compass that can identify your precise location and where the phone is pointed. It can put adds on a website based on a person’s location and can allow business to market over the internet based on a person’s location. Bankin g and Financial services let customers manage their accounts from their mobile devices. Mobile advertising and retailing is where companies can put ads on different aps for smartphones to advertise or have their own aps where a person can download and get coupons and deals just by walking into the store and logging into the application on their smartphone. Games and entertainment platforms are offered on Smartphones where a user can play games, watch TV or videos, etc. and connect to other game players and users all around the world. 5b Describe some of the barriers to e-commerce. There are a few barriers to e-commerce. One barrier is security concerns. With this there are risks of identity theft, viruses, and much more that consumers are worried about because they do not want their information stolen, especially because the internet is so easily accessible. Another barrier through e-commerce is that over the internet, a consumer cannot tough and feel a product, such as a book. There are Kindle apps where you can virtually buy and read a book, but people like reading actual books in their hand. Education also acts as a barrier because with e-commerce, new processes are coming to the surface all of the time making employees having to adapt. This is hard because a lot of people don’t want to change their ways. 6a List and describe each of the factors that go into the building of an e-commerce Web site. There are many factors that go into the building of an e-commerce Web site. First, a team has to be assembled with the right skills to make decisions about technology, site design, social and information policies, and hardware, software, and telecommunications infrastructure. The customer’s demands need to drive the site’s technology and design. The site can eight be built in-house or parts, if not all, of the site can be outsourced to be maintained. With outsourcing, companies need to be aware of their Web-site budget and maintenance. 6b List and describe four business objectives of a typical e-commerce Web site. One business object of a typical e-commerce Web site is to display goods, meaning, making the goods and products easily accessible and viewable to consumers in order to be productive. Another is the objective of a personalized/customized product. This makes the seller stand out from other businesses, making their product stand out and be more appealing than others. This makes the customer want to purchase the unique product. Businesses providing product information is another objective. Consumers do not want to purchase something that they know nothing about; therefore it is important to tell the customer what they need to know. Lastly, the objective of coordinating marking/advertising is important because companies need to advertise their product to consumers in order for them to want to purchase it. Without marketing, the product would not be known and less people would buy it because of this. 6c List and describe four system functionalities of a typical e-commerce Web site. There are many different system functionalities of a typical e-commerce Web site. One is a product database, which is database of all of the company’s products, allowing the company to know how much they are selling and what they have in inventory. The shopping care and payment system functionality allows the user to put interesting items in their virtual shopping cart to purchase. Once they have finished shopping, they can view the total price, edit their order, and continue to check-out all over the internet. A site tracking and reporting system is a great function that allows the company to see who is purchasing what and from where. This is a helpful tool that allows companies the ability to change their market audience to an audience closer to what the site tracking system is displaying. Lastly, a digital catalog is important for a site so consumers can see what exactly a company is selling or offering. 6d List and describe four information requirements of a typical e-commerce Web site. There are several information requirements of a typical e-commerce Web site. Product descriptions, stocking numbers, and inventory levels are important information to have because the business needs to know what and where their consumers are buying so it can be efficiently shipped. Secure credit card clearing is important because consumers want to be able to trust a company with their purchasing information, knowing that the information will not be hacked leading to identity theft. The customer ID, product, date, payment, and shipment date is important for the company to have because it acts as a log of prior business and they can track profitability and productivity. The number of products purchased is important because the company needs to know if they are underestimating or overestimating their sales and must act accordingly.