What do the freedman's bureau papers tell about african american life Term Paper

What do the freedman's bureau papers tell about african american life in the reconstruction era - Term Paper Example This bureau was established in the year 1865 after a debate was raised against its establishment and it took care of all matters concerning the refugees who lived in the southern states which were mainly under reconstruction following the destruction of property and land after the civil war. The bureau depended on funds and stuff contribution since there were no funds allocated to it by the central government. Commissioner General O.O Howard took control of the freedman bureau after being appointed by President Andrew Johnson and he was assisted by deputy commissioners appointed by the senate of each of the ten states which were undergoing reconstruction. The freedmen’s bureau got its funds from selling and renting the land confiscated in the south during the war though the president returned the lands the initial owners which led to lack of funds to the bureau. This move by the president caused the crisis among the freed slaves since the land was also their source of funding also making the bureau strain in providing the freed slaves with basic necessities due to lack of funds. The freedman’s bureau is believed to have made a great impact during the reconstruction period by helping the freed slaves in reconstructing their livelihoods though it encountered the following difficulties which led to its failure in proving social welfare to the freed slaves.: 1. Lack of funds The main source of funding for the freedman’s bureau was selling and renting of the confiscated land after the civil war. This source of funding was cut short after the president returned the confiscated land to their original owners hence making it difficult for the bureau to provide the freed slaves with basic amenities since they were in the initial stages of reconstructing their livelihoods (Louisa 55–56). 2. Weak organization of the bureaus internal structure The bureau structure was made up of the commissioner who was appointed by the president the assistant co mmissioners appointed by the senate of the states under reconstruction and agents who were appointed by the commissioner and assistant commissioners. This mode of appointment intuited that the bureau was not an independent authority since the commissioners and their assistant depended on decisions made by the authority which appoints them. This prevented them from implementing their decisions, which favored the freedmen welfare (Freedman Bureau NP). 3. Opposition from conservatives The freedman’s bureau faced a lot of opposition especially from the senate members of the northern states. This made it difficult for the bureau to implement most of its projections, which had to be passed through the senate for implementation. Some of these projections included: provision of basic needs to the freedmen and freed women in southern states. Despite many challenges faced by the freeman bureau, it contributed a lot during the reconstruction period in Virginia states, which was among th e ten southern states undergoing reconstruction after the war (Freedman Bureau NP). The bureau helped the freedmen and women during reconstruction in the following ways: 1. Provision of social services During slavery, the African-American community was denied access to social amenities such as schools, hospitals, churches and entertainment. Establishment of schools by the Freemans bureau helped the African-American community to gain access to formal education, which enabled them to learn more of their history and helped them to integrate in the modern American society (Francis Rollin). The black community in America had been denied access to religion during slavery the freeman’s bureau helped to establish churches which gave the African community a sense of belonging to a particular religion

Martinez Company Essay Example for Free

Martinez Company Essay Introduction Martinez Company is introducing a new product that may be manufactured by using either one of two methods, capital intensive, or labor intensive method. For the capital intensive method, the manufacturing costs per unit are; direct material at $5.00, direct labor at $6.00, variable overhead costs at $3.00 and fixed manufacturing costs at $2,508,000 for the period. For the labor intensive method costs per unit are; direct materials at $5.50, direct labor at $8.00, variable overhead costs at $4.50 and fixed manufacturing costs at $1,538,000 for the period. The research department of Martinez Company recommended an introductory unit sales price of $30. The selling expenses are approximately $502, 000 annually in addition to $2 for each unit sold regardless of the manufacturing method used. The second part of the research is to determine how many units the company will have to sell annually for both methods to be equal. To determine this number the company will need to calculate the indifference point. The calculation is the total fixed cost of both methods is subtracted and then  divided by the contribution margin per unit for each method. Indifference point = (3,010,000-2,040,000)/(14-10) = 242,500. So the company would have to sell 242,500 units for both methods to be equally profitable. This is good information because based on the manufacturing cost of each production method the company will have to sell a specific number of units to maximize profitability. Based on this number the company will select each method in accordance with the projected number of units to be sold. Capital-Intensive Manufacturing vs. Labor-Intensive Manufacturing In the future, the Martinez Company will need to use either capital-intensive or labor intensive method for production. Capital intensive manufacturing method focuses on a high level of capital investment, while labor intensive focuses on a high level of labor investment. Capital intensive manufacturing method is mostly used on a large scale production with automated processes. Labor intensive method is mostly likely used on smaller scale production with personalized products. The capital manufacturing method is also based on whether the organization is producing a standardized product or an exclusive product. The labor intensive manufacturing method should be used when a substantial amount of customer interaction is needed. Capital intensive manufacturing method can be used when the work is too dangerous for employees. With labor intensive manufacturing method there are lower fixed costs and higher variable costs. With the capital intensive manufacturing method there are higher fixed costs and variable costs. In this case, the capital intensive method would be the preferred choice if the sales are expected to be higher than the indifference number of $242,500. Capital intensive manufacturing method limits competition by serving as a barrier to entry and as a capital intensive business, the Martinez Corporation can benefit from this. Barriers to entry are obstacles that prevent new companies to function in capital-intensive industries. Capital intensive manufacturing minimizes human error resulting in a more effective and efficient productivity. Another great advantage with capital intensive manufacturing method is the minimal labor impact.

The Implementation Of Policies And Legislative Social Work Essay

The Implementation Of Policies And Legislative Social Work Essay Children are de ¬Ã‚ ned as in need when they are unlikely to achieve or maintain, or have the opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development; or whose health and development are likely to be signi ¬Ã‚ cantly impaired, or further impaired without the provision of services under s.17(10); o are disabled as defined in s.17(11); or those who are in specific need of safeguarding under Part V of the (CA)(1989). Ann had recently been separated with her husband due to domestic violence and is currently living in a womens refuge with her 12 years old daughter. She had reported feeling depressed and lack resources. The development of a definition of domestic violence in Yemshaw v Hounslow LBC [2011] UKSC 3 (SC), decision by the court set a precedent that was used in meeting the needs of families. Children witnessing domestic abuse have now been included in the definition of harm under s.31(9) of the CA (1989). Section 17(1) of the CA (1989), places a general duty on Local Authorities (LA) to safeguard and promote the welfare of children within its area who are in need. It is based on the presumption that so far as it is consistent with their duty, children upbringing should be promoted within the family with an emphasis on parental responsibility as defined under s.3(1) of the CA (1989). This is complemented and reinforced under s.10(3) of the CA (2004), which requires LAs to have regard to the importance of parents and other persons caring for children in improving the well-being of children. LAs are directed through their specific duties and powers specified in Part 1 of Schedule 2 to provide services considered appropriate to meet the needs of children in need with the aim of avoiding the need for care proceedings . This includes homelessness, the psychological effect of witnessing abuse and disruption with school. Under s.17(6) the LAs can provide accommodation, counselling or as in th e cash of domestic violence, assistance in cash. Social workers are charged with discretion in making ethical decisions and should therefore use case law for additional guidance (Brammer, 2010: 190). In R v Nottingham City Council [2001] EWHC Admin 235, it was established that assessment is not a discretionary duty. Additionally, In R. (on the application of MM) v Lewisham LBC [2009] EWHC 416, it was held that the consideration given to the referral fell far below the standard required by law. The CA (1989) stipulates the legal framework within which Social Work practice with children in need is situated. Its child-centred approach is embodied in the welfare paramountcy principle s.1 and the welfare checklist s.1(3) states factors that must be considered with respect to determining the childs best interest. This welfare principle is also evident in s.3(5) and s.17. It adopt the principle that any delay s.1(2); in considering whether to make, vary or discharge s.31 and s.8 orders, s(1)(4); is likely to prejudice the childs welfare; and no order should be discharge except it is unequivocally in the childs best interests. The complexities and uncertainties of family life have brought about evolving policies and guidelines to complement the legislative framework (Davis, 2009). An understanding of childrens needs requires a multidisciplinary evidenced-based assessment, which is prescribed under The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000). This is conferred under s.7, LA Social Services Act (1979) and requires LAs to comply with their duties. The Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003) led to the enactment of the CA (2004): it requires LAs under s.11(4) to have regards of statutory guidance to cooperate and make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Working Together to Safeguard Children (DCSF, 2010) specifies how agencies should work together: it states unequivocally the proactive early identification of additional needs and the provision of appropriate services. The complexities and tension of multi professional perspective is recognised in The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) (DfE, 2009) and based assessment on consistency and coordination between agencies (Brammer, 2010). There are potential dissonances between legislative framework and the ethical frameworks, which informs social work practice. Parton (2006) noted the complexities of balancing child empowerment and professional judgement, and suggested that Social workers should advocate for children through their active participation in accordance with s.17(4A and 4B). Graham (2011: 1541) highlighted a substantial cultural shift to include children in planning and decision-making through the construction of the social model of childhood. This principle sought to reconcile the concept of child autonomy and right, with professional accountability and responsibility (Williams, 2008). The concept of best interest and the welfare of the child set out in s.1(3) and A8 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is also embodied in decision-making (Butler and Hickman, 2011). In a speech at the Institute of Public Policy Research, Educational Secretary Michael Gove claimed that safegu arding children is inundated with optimism bias (Media, 2012). The law confers both a discretionary and obligatory duties, and the prediction of impairment is given emphasis under s.31 and s.17. It is therefore critical for social workers to have an ethical consideration when discharging their powers and duties, and reflect social work values in their proportionality of intervention under the Human Rights Act (HRA) (1998) which is seen as an additional scrutiny of practice (Brammer 2010: 114). The value of outcome focus needs analysis and multi-agency working is compatible with social work values. It recognise the complexities and sensitivity of domestic violence, and emphasis on the compounding effect of stereotypical assumptions and stigma faced by individual and families (Sheppard, 2006). Social workers conceptualisation according to Connolly, et al (2006) is invaluable in promoting social inclusion. This is particularly relevant to Anns situation. Assessment should not be based on a single event; careful consideration must be given the long-term effect of domestic violence (Williams, 2008). It must be conducted sensitively with an emphasis on respectful uncertainty, flexibility, openness and honesty about professional involvement (Laming, 2003). Strafford,et al (2010:13) locates the process of assessment in the context of a Systems approach. Social workers need to be aware of the likely impact of any intervention on the family. Social workers are required to adopt a principled approach based on negotiation and partnership. The CA (2004) requires LAs to coordinate services with relevant agencies: this gained explicit recognition in the Working Together to Safeguard Children guideline and reflects an acknowledgement that disadvantage occurs within a context of multiplicity of interlocking factors and social dynamic of the family (Graham, 2011). Social workers must therefore, integrate best-known evidence to inform professional judgement to accounts for the uniqueness, uncertainties and potential value conflicts (GSCC, 2003). Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices are integral to social worker practice and enshrined in law. The GSCC (2003: 1.5) code of practice stresses the importance of respecting diversity and different culture and values. Further, s.22(5) requires due consideration to be given to a childs religious persuasion, racial origin and cultural and linguistic background which is also encapsulated in A.14 of HRA (1998), the right not to be discriminated against. The amendment of parental responsibility by the Adoption and Children Act (2002) to include adult with real relationship accounts for value placed on recognition of diversity of families to combat social exclusion (Strafford,et al 2010: 16). Millar and Corby (2006) highlighted the positive effect of a detailed assessment: Munro (2011) and Wise et al (2011: 95) are however, critical of the bureaucracy and the prescriptive nature of the Assessment Framework, which distracts social workers from their core therapeutic function. This presents a dilemma of balancing the need of a more rigorous assessment framework with the CAF (Crisp, et al, 2007). Social inclusion and integration are intrinsic to social work, however, Palmer (2003) and Goldthorpe and Monro (2005) notes that there is concern amongst social workers that the high eligibility criteria have seen a shift from family support to reactive child protection practice thereby further excluding and marginalising families. This have led social workers to question the concept of needs led service provision. Stafford, et al, (2011) reports on the conflicts and complexities around issues of confidentiality and information sharing within multidisciplinary teams. This posed a dilemma between the welfare of the child and Anns right to confidentiality. Domestic violence occurs within the context of both civil and criminal domain. This present are a wide range of shared and diverse models of knowledge and practice amongst professionals involved with children and families (Graham, 2011). OLoughlin and OLoughlin (2008: 41) noted the complexities of balancing the rights and responsibilities of parents and the rights and needs of children. This present a dilemma between a principled welfare approach and s.8 orders as highlighted in Debbonaire (2012). Cleaver et al (2010) noted that whist childrens needs occur within the family and environmental context and often interlinked with those of their parent: It is crucial that practice is child-centred and needs considered separately through childrens active participation (Mullender 2002: 121). The complexities of parental contact from the perpetrator of abuse might expose the children to witnessing more abuse. The legislative framework and policies have an enormous impact on social work practice. The complex interplay of skills, values and knowledge; the prevailing social attitudes; and the conflicting and overlapping imperative, have been analysed as the range of dilemmas and conflicts faced by social workers. What is most noteworthy, however, is the need for sound professional judgement and ethical consideration.

Stellar Evolution Essay -- Astronomy Space Cosmos Papers

Stellar Evolution A star begins as nothing more than a very light distribution of interstellar gases and dust particles over a distance of a few dozen lightyears. Although there is extremely low pressure existing between stars, this distribution of gas exists instead of a true vacuum. If the density of gas becomes larger than .1 particles per cubic centimeter, the interstellar gas grows unstable. Any small deviation in density, and because it is impossible to have a perfectly even distribution in these clouds this is something that will naturally occur, and the area begins to contract. This happens because between about .1 and 1 particles per cubic centimeter, pressure gains an inverse relationship with density. This causes internal pressure to decrease with increasing density, which because of the higher external pressure, causes the density to continue to increase. This causes the gas in the interstellar medium to spontaneously collect into denser clouds. The denser clouds will contain molecu lar hydrogen (H2) and interstellar dust particles including carbon compounds, silicates, and small impure ice crystals. Also, within these clouds, there are 2 types of zones. There are H I zones, which contain neutral hydrogen and often have a temperature around 100 Kelvin (K), and there are H II zones, which contain ionized hydrogen and have a temperature around 10,000 K. The ionized hydrogen absorbs ultraviolet light from it’s environment and retransmits it as visible and infrared light. These clouds, visible to the human eye, have been named nebulae. The density in these nebulae is usually about 10 atoms per cubic centimeter. In brighter nebulae, there exists densities of up to several thousand atoms per cubic centimete... ...J. Stellar Evolution. London: Pergamon Press, 1967. Shklovskii, Iosif S. Stars: Their Birth, Life, and Death. Moscow: Central Press for Literature in Physics and Mathematics, 1975. Livio, Mario. Unsolved Problems in Stellar Evolution. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 2000. Websites: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_astrophysics Encyclopedia of Astronomy Terms http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html NASA’s Introduction to Spectral Analysis http://zebu.uoregon.edu/textbook/se.html Hypertext Book on Stellar Evolution @ The University of Oregon http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/starlog/staspe.html#c1 Star Spectral Classifications @ Georgia State University http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/PR/96/22/pulsars.html How Pulsars Are Formed @ The Space Telescope Science Institute

Lookin for love

The first personal ad I f und on craigslist had to do with the equity theory â€Å"Country guy looking for a good woman (PAIWV) First off I want to be straight up I'm not looking to rush into anything serious. That's what I would like eventually but only with the right one. With that said a little about me I'm a young looking 30yo white, no kids, 6†² with fit/slender build. I'm a mountain boy thru and thru but not your typical one. I don't listen to country, chew tobacco, drive a truck etc. But I do like my guns collecting/shooting, bein in the woods or on the lake, rock climbing, on and on.I also like working in my shop, my cars, woodworking etc. I'm educated so I can hold my own talking about pretty much any topic. Also have a descent Job, nice house in the mountain and financially responsible. I dont want to ramble so I'll save it for getting to know each other. What I'm looking for is a mature honest woman that has her stuff together. Drama free, no crazy ex boyfriends or a nything like that. Anywhere between 21-35, must be fit/inshape and take care of yourself. Just a descent woman that has a good head on her shoulders and looking for the same.If interested drop e a line anytime(l). † The equity theory is the idea that people are the happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal (pg. 300). This ad reflects this theory because the man who wrote this clearly states that he is looking for an equal partner. He wishes for her to be independent not have to rely on him to support her financially. If a women had written this ad then things might have been written differently.A women would emphasize his needing to be financially independent but ould also put more of an emphasis on how he looks, where he lives and what type of Job does he have. The second personal ad has more to do with the social exchange theory. â€Å"I am a white man, 6ft, 185, very clean, d;d free. I am searching for a white lady that has sexual relationships with black men but would like to have a white man that would support ; spoil her. I would never Judge her, she would be treated like a queen. Age and size is not a factor. Please get in touch, I am very real, it suppose to me very nice this week.I would like to hear from you and we can exchange pics and chat and possibly meet. Please put queen of spades in subject when responding. (2)† The social exchange theory is the idea that people's feelings about a relationship depends on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else (pg. 299). This ad reflects this theory because the man is offering to not only support her financial but promises to spoil her if she meets his equirements.If a women were to be writing an ad like this she would be more subtle in her writing, for one should would not come o ut and admit her past relationship experiences but she may try to allude to it. However if she was actively looking for someone to take care of her financially she would most likely openly state that in her ad. Sex differences in attraction exist but each individual person is looking for something different. What attracts you to one person may be a complete turn off to someone else. lookin for love.

Intro to Afro-American Studies 005-02 Essays - Free Essays

Intro to Afro-American Studies 005-02 Essays - Free Essays Intro to Afro-American Studies 005-02 How do we undertake the study of the African experience/experiences? "In war, all strategies and tactics resolve around the shield and the spear. The defensive shield protects and consolidates one's own base. The spear attacks, the goal being the capture or destruction of the opponent's base, forcing him to retreat and surrender. Applying the metaphor of war to systems of domination, we see that colonialism attacks and completely distorts a people's relationship to their natural, bodily, economic, political, and cultural base. And with this base destroyed, the wholeness of the African subject, the subject in active engagement with his environment, is fragmented." Abstract: As a people, whether you identify yourself as black, African-American, Negro, Caribbean, or African, we have physically, mentally, spiritually, and intellectually been removed from our home: Africa. Once we realize that we all come from the same place with similar cultural aspects, including all cultural meanings and makings, we can begin to undertake the study of the African experience. We must expand our views further back from slavery and start at the inception of human civilization; since, the oldest human bones are found in Africa; it only makes sense. Once we realize this, we can actively engage with one another, read together, and propose a multitude of questions together with different answers. We undertake the study of the African experiences through the original human experience and through the African diaspora by reading African works, studying African culture and understanding how we are all connected. Critical Review of Scholarship: Throughout the first chapters of Something Torn and New An African Renaissance, Thiong'o critically describes the first stages our ancestors went through when they were removed from Africa. The dismemberment of Africa happened in two stages: the continent and its diaspora. (Gregory Carr) "Of course, colonialists did not literally cut off the heads of the colonized or physically bury them alive. Rather, they dismembered the colonized from memory, turning their heads upside down and burying all the memories they carried." Africans were forced to forget who they were, which includes their names, languages, and where they came from, and Europeans throughout history shoved their "culture" into our ancestors, first through naming and then ownership. There was a division of Africa: land, body and mind, including "linguicide in the case of the diaspora and linguistic famine, or linguifam, on the continent." Ebonics (Gregory Carr) allowed our ancestors to reconnect with each other from the bo at to the Americas and the Caribbean. Chapter 2: Remembering Visions continues on to describe how our ancestors remembered our history and focuses on a conceptual category, movement and memory. "The psychological connections (link between the economic and political quest of African-Americans and those of Africans) are not as easy to explain in empirical terms, but they can be felt in the souls of black folk." Many African-Americans went through natal alienation, which is why so many of us are in the condition we are in today. The default which Ngg states is that blacks have nothing to revert back to. (Gregory Carr) Discussion Ngg's text effectively and efficiently explains how we must undertake the study of Africana experiences. Of course, it is not written blatantly how we are supposed to directly touch on the subject; however, it gives a synthesis as to where we should start. The syllabus, along with the aliteracy form is the inception of what we should start with; a book. Read. Not only do we read, we read together, we ask questions, we "search for truth, and train new generations, in order to produce new knowledge." (Gregory Carr) Our ancestors did not risk their lives along with others for generations after them to be aliterate. Intellectual Journey I was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan to my mother, Janice Jones-Sow, and my father, Moustapha Sow. My dad is from Dakar, Senegal and my parents coincidentally met at the African World Festival in Detroit in the mid-1980s. I have 3 older sisters, one who graduated from Howard University and took your class, my second oldest sister graduated from College for Creative Studies and my third oldest sister is a senior at Parson's School for Design. My mother knew the importance of teaching my sisters and I

buy custom Causes Bullying essay

buy custom Causes Bullying essay There are a number of factors which have been associated with causing bullying to take place. The factors can be categorized in the following manner: Family Factors The family setting and rearing of children has been under scrutiny as one of the causes of bullying. Though it might not be evident to the parents as such, it has been argued that the way a child is reared determines the kind of characters he/she acquires when she grows up to be old (school aged in this context).it has been argued that poor parenting is majorly the cause of bullying. Bad parenting practices will include lack of attention towards the children as they are growing up. Poor supervision of children leads to poor modeling which enhances the fostering of aggressive behavior (Patterson, DeBaryshe Ramsey, 1989; Loeber Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986; and Olweus, 1993). It is argued that when parent used harsh verbal language towards their children or even abuse the children physical, they instill some hatred and violent spirit with their minds which likely explodes when they come in contact with other children who can not protect themselves against the bullies. It is argued that ev en in the case of both parents arguing and using aggressive words towards each other the aggressive behavior is transferred to the children. According to Jaffe, Wolfe and Wilson (1990). The connection between witnessing wife assault by children, particularly male children, and bully behavior by children toward peers, has not been well studied, but studies do indicate that aggressive behavior of all kinds is elevated in children who witness violence by their father toward their mother. (Jaffe, Wolfe and Wilson, p. 57) The family by all means forms the basic foundation for the kind of a behavior that a child can acquire. Parents have a duty to bring up their children with love and help them not develop aggressive behaviors as they grow up towards the age of school going. It should be noted that the modern family has very busy parents and many are the moments that the children are left at the hands of the house-helps. This trait is likely to lead to developmnt of unbecoming behaviors for the children as they are supervised. At times there are traits which children might develop on their own. Such traits have been classified under the individual factors below. Individual factors It is argued that there are factors such as temperament which are independent of family upbringing. One of the well documented individual factors in the concept of children is temperament: Temperament refers to basic tendencies by children to develop certain personality styles and interpersonal behaviors (ASAP par. 6). It has been observed that being active and impulsive in temperament inclines one more to being bully (Loeber and Dishion, 1983). It has also been seen observed that, With boys, physical strength compared to age peers also seems to be a characteristic which is associated with bullying, although of course there are many strong, physically adept boys who never bully (ASAP, par. 6). School Factors The schools context can not be ignored because it the environment where bullying takes place. Two factors which are quite significant are the social context and the supervision level at the school.It is believed that with appropriate supervision, intervention and climate in a school (ASAP, par. 9) it is possible to control bullying to a great extent. The supervision levels are determinant of whether bullying takes places in a school environment or not. Close supervision of the school environment will create an environment where bullying will not be conducive to take place. Areas which ought to be well supervised are especially the playgrounds, and the hallways (Espelage Swearer 2004). The adults in the school setting are important as their intervention will help to reduce the incidences of bullying. If the adults will be able to intervene appropriately in cases of bullying then cases of bullying are likely to reduce. The school administration has a duty to make the social environment at the school to be warm and one in which all the students find acceptance by all the others without necessarily giving room for discrimination to take place. The teachers should cultivvate good relations with the entire student body to make it easy for the students who are bullied to report to the teachers for assistance. The teacher should discourage the habit of bullying by all means and should enact policies which discourage bullying. The policies should be enforced and should never be comprised. Compromising will allow bullying to flourish but strict rules with effectively curb the behavior. The school be the biggest single place where bullying can take place, there is need for c ooperation of the school body to ensure that all students are properly checked out (Sadock, Kaplan Sadock, 2007). For bullying to be curbed there needs to be cooperation from all the parties involved. It has been observed that the family setting, individual factors and the school setting all can contribute to fostering bullying. The parents have a duty to bring up their children in the right way and teach them social skills and how they can coexist with each other in harmony. Children brought in such a manner will not be very hard to handle at the school level because they will children who are well mannered and cultured up well. The school administration also needs to ensure that the school environment does not in any way act as a safe haven for those who wish bully others. It is the duty of the school administration to ensure that all its environs is safe for all the students. The victims ought to be free and cases of bullying at the times when such occur. This will make it possible to uproot bullying from schools and make the schools a safe place for all the school aged children (Pepler, Crai g, Ziegler, Charach, 1994; Smith, Pepler, Rigby, 2004). Conclusion Bullying comes into play due to a number of factors which balances out to make bullying possible. Bad upbringing is viewed as a major reason. Other reasons include individual factors and the school. It has been shown to be possible to control bullying through the cooperation of the school administration and the parents. The parents have a duty to present an upright child to the school administration and in return the school administration has a duty to ensure that the environment that the children operate is free of bullying. Buy custom Causes Bullying essay